image
     
image
image
image
image

Hawai‘i Medical Journal

[Volume 69 No. 4 April 2010 Supplement 1]

Viral Hepatitis in Hawai‘i – Differing Perspectives

VI. Summary and Conclusions


Alan D. Tice MD

p. 18

Understanding the varied perspectives of patients, physicians, administrators, and community advocates who are closely involved with different aspects of hepatitis are important steps toward the development of effective, collaborative management strategies. Although viral hepatitis has been termed the ‘Silent Epidemic’ due to infection that too often goes undetected and untreated because patients and physicians may be unaware of who is at risk or may fail to pursue testing, the communities in which the virus is prevalent cannot afford to be silent any longer. It is reminiscent of the parable of the blind man and the elephant wherein different opinions and expertise were compiled in an effort to determine an appropriate course of action. In this case, the ‘elephant’ is hepatitis, and the yearly symposia sponsored by the Hepatitis Support Network of Hawai‘i are one tool being implemented in order to bring many backgrounds and perspectives together for a single purpose, which is to highlight and share the challenges and solutions of living with and treating viral hepatitis. With the help and support of the medical community and individuals who have been personally affected by viral hepatitis, the future of hepatitis detection, therapies, cure rates, and other challenges unique to the disease is promising.

Figure 3.- The Blind Men and the Elephant – an Oriental rendition.

Acknowledgements
This publication is derived from talks given by individual speakers at the 2007, 2008, and 2009 annual Viral Hepatitis Symposia sponsored by the Hepatitis Support Network of Hawai‘i. The publication of this supplement is made possible through the contributions of many different pharmaceutical companies, editors and technical writers, service providers, and a host of volunteers. The authors are grateful to all of the individuals and organizations who directly or indirectly provided support for this project. We thank them for their support and hope that this publication will provide cooperative knowledge, insight, and understanding of the practical issues of patient care.

Correspondence to:
Alan Tice MD, FACP
Infections Limited Hawai‘i
1286 Queen Emma Street
Honolulu, HI 96813
Ph: (808) 538-2881 or (808) 373-3488
Fax: (808) 536-2024
Email: alantice@idlinks.com

Authors’ Affiliations:
- Kenneth Akinaka – Hepatitis Advocate, Executive Director of the Hepatitis Support Network of Hawai‘i
- Kay Bauman MD, MPH – Department of Public Safety, State of Hawai‘i Prison System
- Tarquin Collis MD – Chief, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaiser Permanente, Honolulu, Hawai‘i
- C. Bradley Hare MD – Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- William Haning MD – Addiction Psychiatry Specialist, Pacific Addiction Research Center, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Medical Director, Behavioral Health Services, The Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu
- Joseph Humphry MD – Medical Director, HMSA
-Robert Jao MD – Gastroenterology Specialist, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine
- Carroll Leevy MD – Associate Professor of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School Liver Center Department *Deceased 2009
- Heather Lusk – Hepatitis C Coordinator, Hawai‘i Department of Health
- Neal Palafox MD – Family Practice, Wahiawa General Hospital, Professor and Chair, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine
- Alan Tice MD – Infectious Disease Specialist, Associate Professor of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Director of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT)
- Nancy Withers, MD, MPH – Psychiatrist, Mental Health Team, VA Pacific Islands Health Care System, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine

References
1. CDC. National Vital Statistics Reports. Deaths: Final Data for 2006. 2009; Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_14.pdf. Accessed 11/9/2009.

2. Davila JA, Petersena NJ, Nelson HA, El-Serag HB. Geographic variation within the United States in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Clin. Epidemiol. May 2003;56(5):487-493.

3. CDC. Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals. 2009; Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HCV/HCVfaq.htm#a5. Accessed 11/9/2009.

4. Custer B, Sullivan SD, Hazlet TK, Iloeje U, Veenstra DL, Kowdley KV. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. Nov-Dec 2004;38(10 Suppl 3):S158-168.

5. Mayo Clinic. Liver Transplants. 2009; Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/liver-transplant/livingdonorlivertransplant.html. Accessed 11/24/2009.

6. Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Hannon MJ, et al. Regular sources of medical care among persons with severe mental illness at risk of hepatitis C infection. Psychiatr. Serv. Jun 2003;54(6):854-859.

7. Huckans MS, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD, Linke A, Hauser P. Interferon alpha therapy for hepatitis C: treatment completion and response rates among patients with substance use disorders. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007;2:4.

8. Schaefer M, Schwaiger M, Garkisch AS, et al. Prevention of interferon-alpha associated depression in psychiatric risk patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. Jun 2005;42(6):793-798.

9. Carter H, Robinson G, Hanlon C, Hailwood C, Massarotto A. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection in a methadone clinic population: implications for hepatitis B vaccination. N. Z. Med. J. Jul 27 2001;114(1136):324-326.

10. Bini E, Kritz S, Brown L, et al. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus services offered by substance abuse treatment programs in the USA. American Public Health Association 135th Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C., Abstract 147595. 2007.

11. Harrison P, Karberg J. Prison and Jail Inmates at Mid-Year 2003. NCJ 203947. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs; 2004.

12. Weinbaum C, Lyerla R, Margolis HS. Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. Jan 24 2003;52(RR-1):1-36; quiz CE31-34.

13. Fox RK, Currie SL, Evans J, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among prisoners in the California state correctional system. Clin. Infect. Dis. Jul 15 2005;41(2):177-186.

14. Harrison P, Beck A. Prisoners in 2002. NCJ 195189. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs; 2003.

15. Wong JB, McQuillan GM, McHutchison JG, Poynard T. Estimating future hepatitis C morbidity, mortality, and costs in the United States. Am. J. Public Health. Oct 2000;90(10):1562-1569.

16. Tan JA, Joseph TA, Saab S. Treating hepatitis C in the prison population is cost-saving. Hepatology. Nov 2008;48(5):1387-1395.

17. Spaulding AC, Weinbaum CM, Lau DT, et al. A framework for management of hepatitis C in prisons. Ann. Intern. Med. May 16 2006;144(10):762-769.

18. Nyamathi AM, Dixon EL, Robbins W, et al. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults. J. Gen. Intern. Med. Feb 2002;17(2):134-143.

19. Lock G, Dirscherl M, Obermeier F, et al. Hepatitis C - contamination of toothbrushes: myth or reality? J. Viral Hepat. Sep 2006;13(9):571-573.

20. Tumminelli F, Marcellin P, Rizzo S, et al. Shaving as potential source of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet. Mar 11 1995;345(8950):658.

21. Boyce DE, Tice AD, Ona FV, Akinaka KT, Lusk H. Viral hepatitis in a homeless shelter in Hawai’i. Hawaii Med. J. Jun 2009;68(5):113-115.

22. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. Sep 26 2002;347(13):975-982.

23. Jacobson IM, Brown RS, Jr., Freilich B, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and weight-based or flat-dose ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients: a randomized trial. Hepatology. Oct 2007;46(4):971-981.

24. Pearlman B, Ehleben C, Saifee S. Improved virologic response rates with treatment extension to 72 weeks of peginterferon alfa-2b plus weight-based ribavirin in a difficult-to-treat population of genotype 1-infected slow responders. 57th AASLD Conference. Boston, MA. Abstract 343. 2006.

25. Sanchez-Tapias JM, Diago M, Escartin P, et al. Peginterferon-alfa2a plus ribavirin for 48 versus 72 weeks in patients with detectable hepatitis C virus RNA at week 4 of treatment. Gastroenterology. Aug 2006;131(2):451-460.

26. Chen K, Seraphin P, Murphy L, Shah N. Consensus interferon and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who were nonresponders to prior therapy with either interferon alpha and ribavirin or pegylated interferon and ribavirin. J. Hepatol. 2005;42(Suppl 1):S670.

27. Cornberg M, Hadem J, Herrmann E, et al. Treatment with daily consensus interferon (CIFN) plus ribavirin in non-responder patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized open-label pilot study. J. Hepatol. Feb 2006;44(2):291-301.

28. American Cancer Society. Hawaii Cancer Facts and Figures, 2003-2004. 2003. Available at: http://hawaii.gov/health/family-child-health/chronic-disease/cccp/hif-f03.pdf. Accessed 12/5/2009.

29. El-Serag HB, Davila JA, Petersen NJ, McGlynn KA. The continuing increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: an update. Ann. Intern. Med. Nov 18 2003;139(10):817-823.

30. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, et al. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. Sep 19 2008;57(RR-8):1-20.

31. WHO. World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, Socioeconomic Indicators. 2006; Available at: http://www.wpro.who.int.

32. FSM. Federated States of Micronesia Census Data. 2000.

33. Brindle RJ, Eglin RP, Parsons AJ, Hill AV, Selkon JB. HTLV-1, HIV-1, hepatitis B and hepatitis delta in the Pacific and South-East Asia: a serological survey. Epidemiol. Infect. Feb 1988;100(1):153-156.

34. Wong DC, Purcell RH, Rosen L. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses in selected populations of the South Pacific. Am. J. Epidemiol. Sep 1979;110(3):227-236.

35. Bialek SR, Helgenberger L, Fischer GE, et al. Impact of Routine Hepatitis B Immunization on the Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. Oct 16 2009.

36. SPC. Marshall Islands Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics, Major Causes of Death, 2005. 2009.

37. Vogt TM, Goldstein ST, Kuartei S. Endemic hepatitis B virus infection and chronic liver disease mortality in the Republic of Palau, 1990-2002. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. Dec 2006;100(12):1130-1134.

38. CDC. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis - United States, 2007. MMWR CDC Surveill. Summ. May 22, 2009 2009;58(SS-3):1-32.

39. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. Jan 4 2006;295(1):65-73.

40. Takkenberg RB, Weegink CJ, Zaaijer HL, Reesink HW. New developments in antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Vox Sang. Nov 25 2009.

41. Fattovich G. Natural history and prognosis of hepatitis B. Semin. Liver Dis. Feb 2003;23(1):47-58.

42. Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med. Feb 27 2003;348(9):800-807.

43. Lee JS, Park ET, Kang SS, et al. Clevudine Demonstrates Potent Antiviral Activity in Naive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. Intervirology. Dec 3 2009;53(2):83-86.

44. Lim SG, Ng TM, Kung N, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of emtricitabine in chronic hepatitis B. Arch. Intern. Med. Jan 9 2006;166(1):49-56.

45. Yoo BC, Kim JH, Chung YH, et al. Twenty-four-week clevudine therapy showed potent and sustained antiviral activity in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. May 2007;45(5):1172-1178.

46. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. Sep 2009;50(3):661-662.

47. Lindsay KL. Introduction to therapy of hepatitis C. Hepatology. Nov 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S114-120.

48. Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H, Jr., Morgan TR, et al. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann. Intern. Med. Mar 2 2004;140(5):346-355.

49. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet. Sep 22 2001;358(9286):958-965.

50. Mangia A, Santoro R, Minerva N, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for 12 vs. 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N. Engl. J. Med. Jun 23 2005;352(25):2609-2617.

51. Darnell JE, Jr., Kerr IM, Stark GR. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science. Jun 3 1994;264(5164):1415-1421.

52. Heim MH. Intracellular signalling and antiviral effects of interferons. Dig Liver Dis. Apr 2000;32(3):257-263.

53. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature. Sep 17 2009;461(7262):399-401.

54. Berman K, Kwo PY. Boceprevir, an NS3 protease inhibitor of HCV. Clin Liver Dis. Aug 2009;13(3):429-439.

55. Hezode C, Forestier N, Dusheiko G, et al. Telaprevir and peginterferon with or without ribavirin for chronic HCV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. Apr 30 2009;360(18):1839-1850.

56. McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC, et al. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. Apr 30 2009;360(18):1827-1838.

57. Shimakami T, Lanford RE, Lemon SM. Hepatitis C: recent successes and continuing challenges in the development of improved treatment modalities. Curr Opin Pharmacol. Oct 2009;9(5):537-544.

58. Hawaii Department of Health. Kay Bauman, personal communication. 2007.

59. PKIDS. Hepatitis B Global Infection Rates. 2006; Available at: http://www.pkids.org/pdf/phr/02-09globalhbv.pdf. Accessed 11/16/2009.

image



add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here add some keywords here

 

image
image